Sensing Devices:

1.     Temperature Sensors: These sensors measure temperature and are used in applications like climate control systems, industrial processes, and weather monitoring.

2.     Pressure Sensors: Pressure sensors detect changes in pressure and find use in automotive tire pressure monitoring systems, industrial machinery, and medical devices.

3.     Proximity Sensors: Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of an object in close proximity and are used in touchscreens, robotics, and automation systems.

4.     Light Sensors (Photodetectors): Light sensors measure light intensity and are utilized in cameras, smartphones, automatic lighting systems, and optical devices.

5.     Motion Sensors: Motion sensors detect movement or changes in position and are commonly used in security systems, gaming consoles, and automatic doors.

6.     Infrared (IR) Sensors: IR sensors detect infrared radiation and are used in remote controls, temperature measurement, and motion detection.

7.     Gas Sensors: These sensors measure the concentration of specific gases in the environment and are used in gas leak detectors, environmental monitoring, and safety systems.

8.     Humidity Sensors (Hygrometers): Humidity sensors measure humidity levels in the air and are used in weather stations, HVAC systems, and moisture control applications.

9.     Accelerometers: Accelerometers measure acceleration and are found in smartphones, gaming controllers, and vehicle stability control systems.

10.           Gyroscopes: Gyroscopes measure angular velocity or orientation and are used in navigation systems, drones, and virtual reality devices.

Controlling Devices:

1.     Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers are small computers on a single chip that can receive input from sensors and control various processes. They are used in countless applications, from embedded systems to IoT devices.

2.     Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): PLCs are used in industrial automation to control machines and processes. They receive input from sensors and execute control logic to manage industrial operations.

3.     Actuators: Actuators are devices that convert electrical signals into mechanical motion. Examples include motors, solenoids, and valves. They are used to control various mechanical systems.

4.     Relays: Relays are switches that can be controlled by electrical signals. They are commonly used in automation, HVAC systems, and control panels to switch power to various devices.

5.     Microprocessors: Microprocessors, like those in computers, can also be used for control applications, especially in more complex systems or those requiring extensive data processing.

6.     Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs): HMIs, including touchscreens and panels, provide a way for humans to interact with and control machines and processes.

7.     PID Controllers: PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers are used for precise control of variables like temperature, pressure, and flow in various industrial processes.